![]() Inulin, a prominent water-soluble dietary fiber, has gained considerable attention from researchers due to its ability promote mineral absorption, keep blood sugar stable, enhance lipid metabolism, treat inflammatory bowel disease, and improve the composition of microbiota. ![]() Often termed prebiotics, dietary fibers are described as nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacterial species already resident in the colon, and thus attempt to improve host health. The composition of microbiota changes in response to the nutritional components of foods consumed, especially those rich in dietary fiber. Of the various SCFAs, acetic acid serves as an energy substrate for the liver, propionic acid participates in gluconeogenesis, and butyric acid promotes the induction of regulatory T-cells in the large intestine. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced from the bacterial fermentation and degradation of resistant starches and dietary fibers, and they are known to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria by lowering intestinal pH, as well as help to regulate metabolism and the immune system. Other pathogenic bacteria, such as Fusobacterium and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been observed in greater amounts among patients with colorectal cancer compared to healthy counterparts, and for patients with major depression, unusually high levels of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria have been detected. ![]() In an investigation that transplanted germ-free mice with feces from obese and lean mice, the recipients of the former became obese. For example, high concentrations of Firmicutes have been implicated in an increased risk of obesity, whereas an abundance of Bacteroidetes appears to suppress body fat accumulation. Dysbiosis, or imbalance between good and bad bacterial populations in the gut, has been reported to be involved in the development of various diseases. There are nearly 40 trillion bacteria residing in the intestines of mammals, which comprise the microbiota. Powdered Jerusalem artichokes, rather than inulin supplements, may be superior for promoting a healthy gut. These results demonstrate that both the water-soluble and organic extracts in Jerusalem artichokes are bioactive substances that are capable of changing SCFA production and the composition of gut microbiota. The combination of the water-soluble and organic extract decreased cecal pH and increased the concentration of SCFAs and led to dynamic changes in the composition of the gut microbiota. Mice were fed a high-fat diet that included one or more of these extracts for 10 days, and then their cecal pH, cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and fecal microbiota were evaluated. In this investigation, we fractionated Jerusalem artichokes into three parts (water-soluble extract, insoluble extract, and organic extract) and powdered them. The individual impact of these components on gut microbiota is well known however, the combinatorial effects are less clear. ![]() Jerusalem artichokes contain high amounts of inulin, which is a prebiotic that supports digestive health, as well as a variety of insoluble fibers and caffeoylquinic acid.
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